HEIDENHAIN rotary encoders operate on the
principle of photoelectrically scanning very fine gratings.
The measuring standard for incremental rotary encoders
is a graduated glass disk with a radial grating of lines and
gaps forming an incremental track. A second track
carries a reference mark.
At a small distance from the rotating graduation is a
scanning reticle with a grating in each of four fields, and
a fifth field for the reference mark. The four fields on the
scanning reticle are phase-shifted to each other by one
quarter of the grating period (= 360°/line count).
All these fields are penetrated by a beam of collimated
light produced by a light unit consisting of an LED and
condenser lens. When the graduated disk rotates, it
modulates the beam of light, whose intensity is sensed by
silicon photovoltaic cells.
Signal generation
The photovoltaic cells for the incremental track produce
four sinusoidal current signals, phase-shifted from each
other by 90° (elec.): l0°, l90°, l180°
and l270°. The photovoltaic cell for the
reference mark outputs a signal peak. The four sinusoidal
signals do not lie symmetrically to the zero line. For this
reason the photovoltaic cells are connected in a push-pull
circuit, producing two 90° phase- shifted output signals l1
and l2 in symmetry to the zero line.
The measuring standard for singleturn
encoders is a graduated glass disk with several coded
tracks. At a short distance from the rotating disk
surface are one or more scanning reticles with transparent
fields for each of the disk’s coded tracks.
Each scanning reticle masks a beam of collimated light
produced by a light unit consisting of an LED and condenser
lens. When the graduated disk rotates, it modulates the beam
of light, whose intensity is sensed by silicon photovoltaic
cells.
Absolute rotary encoders that also output incremental
signals have four scanning fields above the finest track.
The four fields on the scanning reticle are phase-shifted
relative to each other by one quarter of the grating period
(grating period = 360° divided by the line count).
For determining a position within one revolution, multiturn
absolute encoders function on the same principle as
singleturn encoders.The measuring standard for
distinguishing separate revolutions is a series of
permanent- magnet circular graduations connected by gears.
The transmission is designed for scanning speeds up to 12000
rpm and temperatures of –40 °C to 120 °C. The
graduations are scanned by Hall sensors.
LSB – "Least Significant
Bit":
In a group of bits representing a number, the bit with the
smallest weight by virtue of its position.
MSB – "Most Significant
Bit":
In a group of bits representing a number, the bit with the
greatest weight by virtue of its position.
MSB –
"Most Significant Bit" inverts:
The inverted signal MSB can be used to reverse the counting
direction.
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Photoelectric Scanning with incremental rotary encoders
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Photoelectric
Scanning with absolute rotary encoders |
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